Micronutrients, immunity and COVID-19: A narrative review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35454/rncm.v4n3.184Keywords:
Immunity, Vitamins, Minerals, Coronavirus Infections, SARSCoV- 2Abstract
The therapeutic options for the clinical treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are limited and there is still no vaccine that is capable of protecting against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In addition, we must add the existence of a group of people who are more vulnerable to the disease, such as the elderly and people with chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes and high blood pressure.
Downloads
References
Reporte de situación COVID-19 Colombia No. 189- 02 de diciembre 2020. [Internet]. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Organización Mundial de la Salud; 2020 [consultado el 4 de diciembre de 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.paho.org/es/documentos/reporte-situacion-covid-19-colombia-no-189-02-diciembre-2020
Siordia JA Jr. Epidemiology and clinical features of COVID-19: A review of current literature. J Clin Virol. 2020;127:104357. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104357
Turner JA, Hiscox JA, Hooper NM. ACE2: from vasopeptidase to SARS virus receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004; 25(6): 291-4. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2004.04.001
Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 2020;367(6483):1260-63. doi: 10.1126/science.abb2507
Fedele D, De Francesco A, Riso S, Collo A. Obesity, malnutrition, and trace element deficiency in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: An overview. Nutrition. 2021;81:111016. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111016
Gattinoni L, Chiumello D, Rossi S. COVID-19 pneumonia: ARDS or not? Crit Care. 2020;24(1):154. doi:10.1186/s13054-020-02880-z
Ochoa JB, Cárdenas D, Goiburu ME, Bermúdez C, Carrasco F, Correia MITD. Lessons learned in Nutrition Therapy in patients with severe COVID-19. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2020;44(8):1369-1375. doi: 10.1002/jpen.2005
Jovic TH, Ali SR, Ibrahim N, Jessop ZM, Tarassoli SP, Dobbs TD, et al. Could Vitamins Help in the Fight Against COVID-19? Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2550. doi: 10.3390/nu12092550
Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S. A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System-Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection. Nutrients. 2020;12(1):236. doi: 10.3390/nu12010236
Maggini S, Pierre A, Calder PC. Immune Function and Micronutrient Requirements Change over the Life Course. Nutrients. 2018;10(10):1531. doi: 10.3390/nu10101531
Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function. Ann Nutr Metab. 2007;51(4):301-23. doi: 10.1159/000107673
Jayawardena R, Sooriyaarachchi P, Chourdakis M, Jeewandara C, Ranasinghe P. Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: A review. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):367-82. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.015
Miller III ER, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E. Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(1):37-46. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110
Zhang L, Liu Y. Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: a systematic review. J Med Virol. 2020;92(5):479-90. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25707
Iddir M, Brito A, Dingeo G, Fernandez DCSS, Samouda H, La Frano MR, et al. Strengthening the Immune System and
Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1562. doi: 10.3390/nu12061562
Rhodes JM, Subramanian S, Laird E, Kenny RA. Editorial: low population mortality from COVID-19 in countries south of latitude 35 degrees North supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51(12):1434-37. doi: 10.1111/apt.15777
Hastie CE, Mackay DF, Ho F, Celis-Morales CA, Katikireddi SV, Niedzwiedz CL, et al. Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):561-65. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.050
Daneshkhah A, Agrawal V, Eshein A, Subramanian H, Roy HK, Backman V. The possible role of vitamin D in suppressing cytokine storm and associated mortality of COVID-19 patients. MedRxiv. 2020:1-23. doi: 10.1101/2020.04.08.20058578
Caccialanza R, Laviano A, Lobascio F, Montagna E, Bruno R, Ludovisi S, et al. Early nutritional supplementation in non-critically ill patients hospitalized for the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): rationale and feasibility of a shared pragmatic protocol. Nutrition. 2020;74:110835. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110835
Ebadi M, Montano-Loza AJ. Perspective: improving vitamin D status in the management of COVID-19. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020;74(6):856-59. doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0661-0
Singer P, Blaser AR, Berger MM, Alhazzani W, Calder PC, Casaer MP, et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(1):48-79. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.037
Jakovac H. COVID-19 and vitamin D-Is there a link and an opportunity for intervention? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2020;318(5):E589. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00138.2020
Elmadfa I, Meyer AL. The Role of the status of selected micronutrients in shaping the immune function. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2019;19(8):1100-15. doi: 10.2174/1871530319666190529101816
Myint PK, Wilson AM, Clark AB, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Plasma vitamin C concentrations and risk of incident respiratory diseases and mortality in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk population-based cohort study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019;73(11):1492-500. doi: 10.1038/s41430-019-0393-1
Carr AC, Spencer E, Dixon L, Chambers ST. Patients with community acquired pneumonia exhibit depleted vitamin C status and elevated oxidative stress. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1318. doi: 10.3390/nu12051318
Zhang M, Jativa DF. Vitamin C supplementation in the critically ill: a systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med. 2018;6:2050312118807615. doi: 10.1177/2050312118807615
Langlois PL, Manzanares W, Adhikari NKJ, Lamontagne F, Stoppe C, Hill A, et al. Vitamin C Administration to the Critically Ill: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2019;43(3):335-46. doi: 10.1002/jpen.1471
Wang L, Wang Y, Ye D, Liu Q. Review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on current evidence. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(6):105948. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948
Cheng RZ. Can early and high intravenous dose of vitamin C prevent and treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Med Drug Discov. 2020;5:100028. doi: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100028
dos Santos JLM. Can vitamin B12 be an adjuvant to COVID-19 treatment? GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020;11(03):001-005. doi: 10.30574/gscbps.2020.11.3.0155
Kandeel M, Al-Nazawi M. Virtual screening and repurposing of FDA approved drugs against COVID-19 main protease. Life Sci. 2020;251:117627. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117627
Narayanan N, Nair DT. Vitamin B12 may inhibit RNA-dependent-RNApolymerase activity of nsp12 from the SARS-CoV-2virus. IUBMB Life. 2020;72(10):2112-20. doi: 10.1002/iub.2359
Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wouters HJCM, Heiner-Fokkema MR, van der Klauw MM. The many faces of cobalamin (vitamin b12) deficiency. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;3(2):200-14. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2019.03.002
Kieliszek M, Lipinski B. Selenium supplementation in the prevention of coronavirus infections (COVID-19). Med Hypotheses. 2020;143:109878. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109878
Ivory K, Prieto E, Spinks C, Armah CN, Goldson AJ, Dainty JR, et al. Selenium supplementation has beneficial and detrimental effects on immunity to influenza vaccine in older adults. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(2):407-15. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.12.003
Steinbrenner H, Al-Quraishy S, Dkhil MA, Wunderlich F, Sies H. Dietary selenium in adjuvant therapy of viral and bacterial infections. Adv Nutr. 2015;6(1):73-82. doi: 10.3945/an.114.007575
Beck MA. Nutritionally induced oxidative stress: effect on viral disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(6 Suppl):1676S‐81S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1676S
Zhang J, Taylor EW, Bennett K, Saad R, Rayman MP. Association between regional selenium status and reported outcome of COVID-19 cases in China. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(6):1297-99. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa095
Guillin OM, Vindry C, Ohlmann T, Chavatte L. Selenium, Selenoproteins and Viral Infection. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2101. doi: 10.3390/nu11092101
Gammoh NZ, Rink L. Zinc in Infection and Inflammation. Nutrients. 2017;9(6):624. doi: 10.3390/nu9060624
Read SA, Obeid S, Ahlenstiel C, Ahlenstiel G. The role of zinc in antiviral immunity. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(4):696-710. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmz013
U.S. National Library of Medicine. Clinical Trials. zinc | Covid19 and SARS-CoV-2 [Internet]. NIH [consultado el 10 de diciembre de 2020]. Disponible en: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=zinc&cond=Covid19+and+SARS-CoV-2
Heller RA, Sun Q, Hackler J, Seelig J, Seibert L, Cherkezov A, et al. Prediction of survival odds in COVID-19 by zinc, age and selenoprotein P as composite biomarker. Redox Biol. 2021;38:101764. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101764
Alexander J, Tinkov A, Strand TA, Alehagen U, Skalny A, Aaseth J. Early Nutritional Interventions with Zinc, Selenium and Vitamin D for Raising Anti-Viral Resistance Against Progressive COVID-19. Nutrients. 2020;12(8):2358. doi: 10.3390/nu12082358
Hulisz D. Efficacy of zinc against common cold viruses: an overview. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2004;44(5):594-603. doi: 10.1331/1544-3191.44.5.594.Hulisz
Kurugöl Z, Akilli M, Bayram N, Koturoglu G. The prophylactic and therapeutic effectiveness of zinc sulphate on common cold in children. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95(10):1175-81. doi: 10.1080/08035250600603024
Liang RY, Wu W, Huang J, Jiang S-P, Lin Y. Magnesium affects the cytokine secretion of CD4(+) T lymphocytes in acute asthma. J Asthma. 2012;49(10):1012-5. doi: 10.3109/02770903.2012.739240
Chaigne-Delalande B, Li F-Y, O’Connor GM, Lukacs MJ, Jiang P, Zheng L, et al. Mg2+ regulates cytotoxic functions of NK and CD8 T cells in chronic EBV infection through NKG2D. Science. 2013;341(6142):186-91. doi: 10.1126/science.1240094
COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine With or Without Azithromycin [Internet]. NIH; actualizado el 9 de octubre de 2020 [consultado el 25 de octubre de 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/
Ward E. Addressing nutritional gaps with multivitamin and mineral supplements. Nutr J. 2014;13:72. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-72
COVID-19/Coronavirus - Advice for the General Public [Internet]. BDA; 2020 [consultado el 25 de octubre de 2020]. Disponible en:https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/covid-19corona-virus-advice-for-the-general-public.html
Kirby M, Danner E. Nutritional deficiencies in children on restricted diets. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2009;56(5):1085-103. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.003
Debelo H, Novotny JA, Ferruzzi MG. Vitamin A. Adv Nutr. 2017;8(6):992-4. doi: 10.3945/an.116.014720
Brannon PM, Fleet JC. Vitamin D. Adv Nutr. 2011;2(4):365-7. doi: 10.3945/an.111.000620
Allen LH. Vitamin B-12. Adv Nutr. 2012;3(1):54-55. doi: 10.3945/an.111.001370
Lykkesfeldt J, Michels AJ, Frei B. Vitamin C. Adv Nutr. 2014;5(1):16-8. doi: 10.3945/an.113.005157
Costello R, Wallace TC, Rosanoff A. Magnesium. Adv Nutr. 2016;7(1):199-201. doi: 10.3945/an.115.008524
Prabhu KS, Lei XG. Selenium. Adv Nutr. 2016;7(2):415-7. doi: 10.3945/an.115.010785
Huang L, Drake VJ, Ho E. Zinc. Adv Nutr. 2015;6(2):224-6. doi: 10.3945/an.114.006874
Nutrition and Hydration: For patients recovering at home. Key Weapons in the Fight Against COVID-19. [Internet]. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 2020 [consultado el 2 de mayo de 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.nutritioncare.org/uploadedFiles/Documents/Guidelines_and_Clinical_Resources/COVID19/COVID19%20Patient%20Nutrition%20Paper.pdf
ASPEN Report on Nutrition Support Practice Processes with COVID-19: The First Response [Internet]. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 2020 [consultado el 2 de mayo de 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.nutritioncare.org/uploadedFiles/Documents/Guidelines_and_Clinical_Resources/COVID19/ASPEN%20Clinical%20Report%20on%20Nutrition%20Support%20Practice%20Processes%20with%20COVID-19%205-26-2020.pdf
Mehta NM, Skillman HE, Irving SY, Coss-Bu JA, Vermilyea S, Farrington EA, et al. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the pediatric critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2017;41(5):706-42. doi: 10.1177/0148607117711387
McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, Warren MM, Johnson DR, Braunschweig C, et al. Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2016;40(2):159-211. doi: 10.1177/0148607115621863
Nutrition Management for Critically and Acutely Unwell Patients with COVID-19 in Australia and New Zealand: Executive Summary [Internet]. Australasian Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 2020 [consultado el 4 de junio de 2020]. Disponible en: https://custom.cvent.com/FE8ADE3646EB4896BCEA8239F12DC577/files/93ecb5eadf7244faa98d9848921428a8.pdf
Remote Discharge Checklist [Internet]. British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition [consultado el 4 de junio de 2020]. Disponible en:https://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/bifa/remote-hpn-discharge-checklist.pdf
What Can I Eat at Home After Being in the Intensive Care Unit with COVID-19? [Internet]. Canadian Nutrition Society, 2020 consultado el 5 de junio de 2020]. Disponible en: https://nutritioncareincanada.ca/sites/default/uploads/files/COVID-19/Food_is_Medicine_Two-page_infographic_Final_English.pdf
COVID-19 and nutrition [Internet]. Canadian Nutrition Society; 2020 [consultado el 5 de junio de 2020]. Disponible en: https://cns-scn.ca/education-resources/infographics/view-infographics
Barazzoni R, Bischoff SC, Breda J, Wickramasinghe K, Krznaric Z, Nitzan D, et al. ESPEN expert statements and practical guidance for nutritional management of individuals with SARS-CoV2 infection. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(6):1631-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.03.022
Coronavirus: no evidence that food is a source or transmission route [Internet]. European Food Safety Authority; 2020 [consultado el 7 de junio de 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/coronavirus-no-evidence-food-source-or-transmission-route
Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines [Internet]. NIH; 2020 [consultado el 29 de mayo de 2020]. Disponible en: https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
DRI Calculator for Healthcare Professionals [Internet]. National Agricultural Library [consultado el 8 de junio de 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/dri-calculator/index.php
Nutrition Information Management, Surveillance and Monitoring in the Context of COVID-19 [Internet]. Global Nutrition Cluster, UNICEF; 2020 [consultado el 7 de junio de 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.unicef.org/media/68301/file/Nutrition-Information-Management-Surveillance-and-Monitoring-COVID19.pdf
Clinical management of COVID-19: interim guidance [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2020 [consultado el 7 de junio de 2020]. Disponible en: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332196/WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2020.5-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Javier Restrepo, Dr
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
