Mecanismos y efectos biológicos potenciales de la  vitamina D en la COVID-19: una revisión narrativa

Jairo Esteban Sanguino Ortega; Juan Diego Satizábal Rodriguez; Daniel Fernando Laverde Villamil; Cristian Albeiro Santos González; Angélica María González Clavijo

doi:10.35454/rncm.v5n3.373

Autores

Jairo Esteban Sanguino Orjuela, MD Universidad Nacional de Colombia http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3296-1327
Juan Diego Satizábal Rodriguez, MD Universidad Nacional de Colombia http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5668-2042
Daniel Fernando Laverde Villamil, MD Universidad Nacional de Colombia http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0029-8391
Cristian Albeiro Santos González, MD Universidad Nacional de Colombia http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4745-0474
Angélica María González Clavijo, MD MD http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4745-0474

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35454/rncm.v5n3.373

Palavras-chave:

COVID-19, Vitamina D, Sistema imunológico, Sistema Renina-Angiotensina

Resumo

Estudos recentes têm relatado efeitos benéficos da vitamina D tanto na prevenção quanto no tratamento da doença por COVID-19. Isso tem sido relacionado principalmente com seus mecanismos de ação no sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA), a resposta imune e as regulações de citocinas pró-inflamatórias; eixos de importância na fisiopatologia da COVID-19.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

Organización Mundial de la Salud. COVID-19: cronología de la actuación de la OMS [Internet]. 2020. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news/item/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19

Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):533-4. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1.

Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, Patidar R, Younis K, Desai P, et al. Comorbidity and its impact on patients with COVID-19. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020;2(8):1069-76. doi: 10.1007/s42399-020-00363-4.

Lloyd-Sherlock P, Ebrahim S, Geffen L, McKee M. Bearing the brunt of COVID-19: Older people in low and middle income countries. BMJ. 2020;368:1052. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1052.

Vélez M, Vélez V, Marín IC, Castaño D, Velásquez-Salazar P, Vera-Giraldo CY, et al. Tratamiento farmacológico de la infección COVID-19 en adultos. Universidad de Antioquía. 2020. p. 1-34.

Peng MY, Liu WC, Zheng JQ, Lu CL, Hou YC, Zheng CM, et al. Immunological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the putative beneficial role of vitamin-D. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(10):5251. doi: 10.3390/ijms22105251.

Benskin LL. A basic review of the preliminary evidence that COVID-19 risk and severity is increased in vitamin D deficiency. Front Public Health. 2020;8:513. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00513.

Panarese A, Shahini E. Letter: COVID-19, and vitamin D. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51(10):993-5. doi: 10.1111/apt.15752.

Demir M, Demir F, Aygun H. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with COVID-19 positivity and severity of the disease. J Med Virol. 2021;93(5):2992-9. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26832.

Teshome A, Adane A, Girma B, Mekonnen ZA. The impact of vitamin D level on covid-19 infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2021;9:624559. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.624559.

Aygun H. Vitamin D may protect against multiple organ damage caused by COVID-19. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2020;121(12):870-7. doi: 10.4149/BLL_2020_143.

Ajabshir S, Asif A, Nayer A. The effects of vitamin D on the renin-angiotensin system. J Nephropathol. 2014;3(2):41-3. doi: 10.12860/jnp.2014.09.

da Silva SJR, Alves da Silva CT, Mendes RPG, Pena L. Role of nonstructural proteins in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol. 2020;92(9):1427-9. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25858.

Romano M, Ruggiero A, Squeglia F, Maga G, Berisio R. A structural view of SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication machinery: RNA synthesis, proofreading and final capping. Cells. 2020;9(5):1267. doi: 10.3390/cells9051267.

Finkel Y, Mizrahi O, Nachshon A, Weingarten-Gabbay S, Morgenstern D, Yahalom-Ronen Y, et al. The coding capacity of SARS-CoV-2. Nature. 2021;589(7840):125-30. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2739-1.

Coutard B, Valle C, de Lamballerie X, Canard B, Seidah NG, Decroly E. The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade. Antiviral Res. 2020;176:104742. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104742.

Cordon-Cardo C, Pujadas E, Wajnberg A, Sebra R, Patel G, Firpo-Betancourt A, et al. COVID-19: Staging of a new disease. Cancer Cell. 2020;38(5):594-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.10.006.

Zhu Z, Cai T, Fan L, Lou K, Hua X, Huang Z, et al. Clinical value of immune-inflammatory parameters to assess the severity of coronavirus disease 2019. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;95:332-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.041.

Del Valle DM, Kim-Schulze S, Huang HH, Beckmann ND, Nirenberg S, Wang B, et al. An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival. Nat Med. 2020;26(10):1636-43. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1051-9.

Grajales-Reyes GE, Colonna M. Interferon responses in viral pneumonias. Science. 2020;369(6504):626-7. doi: 10.1126/science.abd2208.

Banerjee A, Ganguly U, Saha S, Chakrabarti S, Saini RV, Rawal RK, et al. Vitamin D and immuno-pathology of COVID-19: Many interactions but uncertain therapeutic benefits. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2021;19(10):1245-58. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1905519.

Amor S, Fernández Blanco L, Baker D. Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: Evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage. Clin Exp Immunol. 2020;202(2):193-209. doi: 10.1111/cei.13523.

Merad M, Martin JC. Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: A key role for monocytes and macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(6):355-62. doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4.

Sinha P, Matthay MA, Calfee CS. Is a “cytokine storm” relevant to COVID-19? JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(9):1152-4. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3313.

Hu G, Christman JW. Editorial: Alveolar macrophages in lung inflammation and resolution. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2275. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02275.

Silberstein M. Correlation between premorbid IL-6 levels and COVID-19 mortality: Potential role for vitamin D. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;88:106995. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106995.

Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, Arbous MS, Gommers D, Kant KM, et al. Confirmation of the high cumulative incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19: An updated analysis. Thromb Res. 2020;191:148-50. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.041.

Fajgenbaum DC, June CH. Cytokine storm. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(23):2255-73. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2026131.

Patel S, Rauf A, Khan H, Abu-Izneid T. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS): The ubiquitous system for homeostasis and pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;94:317-25. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.091.

ScriabineH A. Hypertension. En: Comprehensive medicinal chemistry II. Elsevier. 2007. p. 705-28.

Sparks MA, Crowley SD, Gurley SB, Mirotsou M, Coffman TM. Classical renin-angiotensin system in kidney physiology. Compr Physiol. 2014;4(3):1201-28. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c130040.

Beyerstedt S, Casaro EB, Rangel ÉB. COVID-19: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and tissue susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;40(5):905-19. doi: 10.1007/s10096-020-04138-6.

Getachew B, Tizabi Y. Vitamin D and COVID-19: Role of ACE2, age, gender, and ethnicity. J Med Virol. 2021;93(9):5285-94. doi: 10.1002/jmv.27075.

Wehbe Z, Hammoud S, Soudani N, Zaraket H, El-Yazbi A, Eid AH. Molecular insights into SARS COV-2 interaction with cardiovascular disease: Role of RAAS and MAPK signaling. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:836. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00836.

Moschonas IC, Tselepis AD. SARS-CoV-2 infection and thrombotic complications: A narrative review. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2021;52(1):111-23. doi: 10.1007/s11239-020-02374-3.

Lordan R. Notable developments for vitamin D amid the COVID-19 pandemic, but caution warranted overall: A narrative review. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):740. doi: 10.3390/nu13030740.

Riccioni G. The role of direct renin inhibitors in the treatment of the hypertensive diabetic patient. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2013;4(5):139-45. doi: 10.1177/2042018813490779.

Tamara L, Kartasasmita CB, Alam A, Gurnida DA. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on resolution of fever and cough in children with pulmonary tuberculosis: A randomized double-blind controlled trial in Indonesia. J Glob Health. 2022;12:04015. doi: 10.7189/jogh.12.04015.

Siddiqui M, Manansala JS, Abdulrahman HA, Nasrallah GK, Smatti MK, Younes N, et al. Immune modulatory effects of vitamin D on viral infections. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2879. doi: 10.3390/nu12092879.

Arihiro S, Nakashima A, Matsuoka M, Suto S, Uchiyama K, Kato T, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza and upper respiratory infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019;25(6):1088-95. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izy346.

Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, et al. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):988. doi: 10.3390/nu12040988.

Røsjø E, Lossius A, Abdelmagid N, Lindstrøm JC, Kampman MT, Jørgensen L, et al. Effect of high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation on antibody responses against Epstein-Barr virus in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler; 2017;23(3):395-402. doi: 10.1177/1352458516654310.

Beigelman A, Castro M, Schweiger TL, Wilson BS, Zheng J, Yin-DeClue H, et al. Vitamin D levels are unrelated to the severity of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis among hospitalized infants. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2015;4(3):182-8. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piu042.

Beard JA, Bearden A, Striker R. Vitamin D and the anti-viral state. J Clin Virol. 2011;50(3):194-200. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.12.006.

Sudfeld CR, Wang M, Aboud S, Giovannucci EL, Mugusi FM, Fawzi WW. Vitamin D and HIV progression among Tanzanian adults initiating antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e40036. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040036.

Teymoori-Rad M, Shokri F, Salimi V, Marashi SM. The interplay between vitamin D and viral infections. Rev Med Virol. 2019;29(2):e2032. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2032.

Zhang YG, Wu S, Sun J. Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor, and tissue barriers. Tissue Barriers. 2013;1(1):e23118. doi: 10.4161/tisb.23118.

Fabisiak A, Murawska N, Fichna J. LL-37: Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide with pleiotropic activity. Pharmacol Rep. 2016;68(4):802-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.03.015.

Jeng L, Yamshchikov AV, Judd SE, Blumberg HM, Martin GS, Ziegler TR, et al. Alterations in vitamin D status and anti-microbial peptide levels in patients in the intensive care unit with sepsis. J Transl Med. 2009;7:28. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-28.

Hewison M, Freeman L, Hughes SV, Evans KN, Bland R, Eliopoulos AG, et al. Differential regulation of vitamin D receptor and its ligand in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2003;170(11):5382-90. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5382.

Campbell GR, Spector SA. Vitamin D inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages through the induction of autophagy. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(5):e1002689. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002689.

Bilezikian JP, Bikle D, Hewison M, Lazaretti-Castro M, Formenti AM, Gupta A, et al. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Vitamin D and COVID-19. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(5):R133-47. doi: 10.1530/EJE-20-0665.

Nurminen V, Seuter S, Carlberg C. Primary vitamin D target genes of human monocytes. Front Physiol. 2019;10:194. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00194.

Liu X, Wang H, Shi S, Xiao J. Association between IL-6 and severe disease and mortality in COVID-19 disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Postgrad Med J. 2021:postgradmedj-2021-139939. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-139939.

Piec I, Cook L, Dervisevic S, Fraser WD, Ruetten S, Berman M, et al. Age and vitamin D affect the magnitude of the antibody response to the first dose of the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine. Curr Res Transl Med. 2022;70(3):103344. doi: 10.1016/j.retram.2022.103344.

Aranow C. Vitamin D and the immune system. J Investig Med. 2011;59(6):881-6. doi: 10.2310/JIM.0b013e31821b8755.

Hansdottir S, Monick MM, Lovan N, Powers L, Gerke A, Hunninghake GW. Vitamin D decreases respiratory syncytial virus induction of NF-kappaB-linked chemokines and cytokines in airway epithelium while maintaining the antiviral state. J Immunol. 2010;184(2):965-74. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902840.

Chen EQ, Bai L, Zhou TY, Fe M, Zhang DM, Tang H. Sustained suppression of viral replication in improving vitamin D serum concentrations in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Sci Rep. 2015;5:15441. doi: 10.1038/srep15441.

Ko WS, Yang YP, Shen FP, Wu MC, Shih CJ, Lu MC, et al. The study of correlation between serum vitamin D3 concentrations and HBV DNA levels and immune response in chronic hepatitis patients. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1114. doi: 10.3390/nu12041114.