Fetal metabolic programming, epigenetics and the development of adult-onset diabetes: A narrative review of the literature
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35454/rncm.v6n1.476Keywords:
Epigenetics, Fetal metabolic programming, Diabetes, NutritionAbstract
Introduction: Epigenetics refers to the way in which genes are expressed in each individual depending on the intrauterine environment. Moreover, acquired genetic instructions can be evaluated. Disease progression and different research studies have shown the interaction between epigenetics and fetal metabolic programming in the development of chronic non-communicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM) in adult life.
Objectives: To understand the mechanisms between epigenetics and fetal metabolic programming that lead to the onset of diabetes.
Methodology: A search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Scielo databases using a period between 2012 and 2022.
Results: Factors such as maternal body composition (undernutrition, overweight, obesity), nutrition, exercise and diseases during and before pregnancy are determinants of conditions such as low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction and macrosomia, which behave as risk factors for developing DM, mainly driven by changes in DNA methylation and the intervention of some miRNAs.
Conclusions: Changes in eating habits, physical activity and breastfeeding are key factors during metabolic programming from the time of conception and are directly related to the development of DM.
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